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Below are concepts and functions common to most operating systems.

1. Definition of an Operating System
2. Kernel
3. Interupts
   1. Definition of an Interrupt
   2. Interrupt handler
4. Processing
   1. Multiprogramming
   2. Time-sharing
   3. Preemption
   4. Multi-tasking
   5. Cooperative Multi-tasking
   6. Preemptive Multi-tasking
   7. Real Time Processing
5. Processes
   1. Process management
      1. Scheduling
      2. Time Slices
   2. Priority
   3. Parent/Child
   4. Conflicts
   5. Deadlocks
   6. Race condition
   7. Inter-process communication
   8. Context/Context Switching
6. Threads
   1. Multithreading
7. Protection
   1. Protected Memory
   2. Ownership
   3. Privledges, Rights and Permissions
   4. Priveledge escalation
8. Input/Output (I/O management)
9. Device Management
10. File Systems
    1. FAT (FAT, FAT16, FAT32)
    2. NTFS
    3. UFS
    4. NFS
    5. HSFS
    6. Novell Netware FS
11. User Interface
    1. Shell
    2. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
    3. Desktop
12. Memory Management
13. Networking
14. Virtual Machines